RESEARCH GRANTS External (Competitive) Research Grants (as PI) 2014-2017: RGC General Research Fund, Hong Kong (Project No. PolyU 154055/14H; B-Q45F) Project Title: Valence-reducing Phenomena and the Emergence of Markers of Speaker Affectedness Duration: 2 years (extended to 2.5 years) Amount: HK$502,600 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I’s: CHEN Weirong (University of International Business and Economics, Beijing) KASHYAP Abhishek Kumar (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) MATTHEWS Stephen (University of Hong Kong) XU Huiling (Macquarie University, Sydney) 2010-2014: RGC General Research Fund, Hong Kong (Project No. PolyU 5513/10H; B-Q24N) Project Title: Stance Marking in Asian Languages: Linguistic and Cultural Perspectives Duration: 3 years (extended to 3.5 years) Amount: HK$1,152,500 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I’s: IWASAKI Shoichi (UCLA) KRATOCHVíL Franti?ek (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore) LAPOLLA Randy (La Trobe University, Melbourne) POST Mark (The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Queensland) RHEE Seongha (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul) 2005-2008: RGC Competitive Earmarked Research Grant Hong Kong (#CUHK 4711/05H) Project Title: Aspectual Asymmetries in the Human Mind: Evidence from Reaction Time Studies Duration: 2 years (extended to 3 years) Amount: HK$676,272 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I’s: SHIRAI Yasuhiro (University of Pittsburgh) MATTHEWS Stephen (University of Hong Kong) TAN Li Hai (University of Hong Kong) LI Ping (University of Richmond, Virginia) Internal (University-based) Research Grants (as PI) 2015-2017: Internal Grant for Eligible PIs of GRF/ECS Proposals Rated 3.5 in the 2015/16 Exercise, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU G-YBGG) Project Title: Addressee-oriented Agreement Marking and Politeness in East Indo-Aryan Languages (original GRF submission entitled “The Expression of Epistemicity, Social Identity and Politeness Marking in Indo-Aryan Languages”) Duration: 2 years Amount: HK$105,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I: KASHYAP, Abhishek Kumar (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) 2012-2014: Internal Competitive Research Grant (ICRG) Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU G-YK85) Project Title: Establishing Common Ground in Public Discourse: An Analysis of Electoral Speeches, Press Conferences and Q&A Sessions in Hong Kong Duration: 2 years Amount: HK$320,000 Co-PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-PI’s: WU, Doreen (CBS, Hong Kong Polytechnic University) TAO, Hongyin (UCLA) Internal (Faculty-based) Research Grants (as PI) 2013-2015: Dean’s Reserve for Research, Scholarly and Other Endeavors, Faculty of Humanities, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 1-ZVAY) Project Title: Insubordination of ‘Say’ Constructions: Implications for the Relationship between Evidentiality and Finiteness Duration: 1 year (extended to 2 years) Amount: HK$105,000 Co-PI: TAMAJI Mizuho (CBS, Hong Kong Polytechnic University) Co-PI: YAP Foong Ha (ENGL, Hong Kong Polytechnic University) Co-I: AHN Mikyung (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) 2011: Dean’s Reserve for Research, Scholarly and Other Endeavors, Faculty of Humanities, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 1-ZV8P) Project Title: Workshop on Stance Marking Across Languages: Typological, Diachronic and Discourse Perspectives Duration: 1 month Amount: HK$74,660 PI: YAP Foong Ha 2010-2012: Dean’s Reserve for Research, Scholarly and Other Endeavors, Faculty of Humanities, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 1-ZV8A) Project Title: Clause-medial Particles in Cantonese Duration: 1 year Amount: HK$105,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I: CHOR, Oi-wan Winnie (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) 2010-2013: Faculty of Humanities Start-Up Fund for New Staff Members, Department of English, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 1-ZV6W) Project Title: Non-referential Uses of Nominalization Constructions: Asian Perspectives Duration: 2 years (extended to 3.5 years) Amount: HK$150,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I: LIU Hongyong (South China Normal University) LAM Man Kit Marvin (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) SZAKOS Jozsef (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) CABOARA, Marco (University of Washington, Seattle) Internal (Department-based) Research Grants (as PI) 2016-2019: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of English Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU G-UAAF) Project Title: Development of SAY constructions in Central Mongolic Duration: 2 years (extended to 3 years) Amount: HK$105,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha (transferred to Prof. Kathleen Ahrens in March 2017) Co-I: BROSIG, Benjamin (Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2016-2017) 2015-2018: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of English Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 1-ZVER) Project Title: Pragmatic Uses of Wh-type Placeholders: A Crosslinguistic Perspective Duration: 2 years (extended to 3 years) Amount: HK$100,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha (transferred to Marvin LAM in March 2017) Co-I’s: CHOR, Oi-wan Winnie (Open University of Hong Kong) LAM, Marvin (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) KASHYAP, Abhishek Kumar (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) TAO, Hongyin (UCLA) XU, Huiling (Macquarie University, Sydney) 2014-2017: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of English Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU G-UA2N) Project Title: Characterization Metaphors in Asian Electoral Speeches: Case Studies from South Asia and the Asia-Pacific Region Duration: 2 years (extended to 3 years) Amount: HK$100,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I: KASHYAP, Abhishek Kumar (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) 2013-2015: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of English Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU G-UB76) Project Title: Evidentiality, Epistemicity and Politeness Marking: A Crosslinguistic Perspective Duration: 2 years Amount: HK$100,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I’s: KASHYAP, Abhishek Kumar (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) TAMAJI, Mizuho Hong Kong Polytechnic University) AHN, Mikyung (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul) KAWANISHI, Yumiko (UCLA) WIJAYA, Juliana (UCLA) 2013-2015: Department General Research Fund (DGRF), Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 4-ZZBK) Project Title: Diachronic Pragmatics of ‘Say’ in Japanese Duration: 2 years Amount: HK$56,000 PI 1: TAMAJI Mizuho (2013-2014 funded by CBS) PI 2: YAP Foong Ha (2014-2015 transferred to ENGL) 2012-2014: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of English Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 4-ZZAP) Project Title: Valence-changing Phenomena and Implications for Argument Focus in Discourse Duration: 2 years Amount: HK$80,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I: CHEN, Weirong (Sinotype Project, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur L’Asie Orientale (CRLAO), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris) 2011-2012: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of English Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 4-ZZA1) Project Title: A Diachronic Analysis of Temporal and Modal Constructions in Indo-European and Asian Languages, with Implications for L2 Acquisition Duration: 1 year Amount: HK$80,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I’s: CHAN, Mable (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) CHOR, Oi-wan Winnie (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) LAM, Man-kit Marvin (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) 2008-2009: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages, Chinese University of Hong Kong Project Title: Nominalization Strategies in Chinese and Other Asian Languages Duration: 1 year Amount: HK$200,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha 2007-2008: Direct Research Grant, Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages Chinese University of Hong Kong Project Title: Diachronic Syntax in East Asian Languages Duration: 1 year Amount: HK$100,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I: GU Yang (Chinese University of Hong Kong) 2006-2007: Direct Research Grant, Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages Chinese University of Hong Kong Project Title: Development of Stance Markers in East and Southeast Asian Languages Duration: 1 year (extended to 1.5 years) Amount: HK$100,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I: HORIE Kaoru (Tohoku University, Japan) NOONAN Michael (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) RHEE Seongha (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) WRONA Janick (Kyoto University) 2004-2006: Direct Research Grant, Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages Chinese University of Hong Kong Project Title: Mapping the Perfective-Imperfective Distinction: Implications for the Representation of Temporal Notions in the Human Mind Duration: 1 year (extended to 1.5 years) Amount: HK$100,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I’s: SHIRAI Yasuhiro (Chinese University of Hong Kong/Cornell) MATTHEWS Stephen (University of Hong Kong) TAN Li Hai (University of Hong Kong) LI Ping (University of Richmond, Virginia) 2002-2003: Direct Research Grant, Department of Modern Languages and Cultural Studies Chinese University of Hong Kong Project Title: Neural Network Modeling of Language Change Duration: 1 year Amount: HK$100,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha Co-I’s: MATTHEWS Stephen (University of Hong Kong) LI Ping (University of Richmond, Virginia) Internal Grants (as Co-I) 2015-2017: Department General Research Fund (DGRF), Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU G-UA6L) Project Title: Bilingual Non-Cantonese-Speaking (NCS) Children in Hong Kong: Learner Language Characteristics and Second Language Vulnerability Duration: 21 months (2.3 years) Amount: HK$98,360 PI: CHAN, Angel Co-I’s: YAP Foong Ha (Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen) KASHYAP, Abhishek Kumar (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) 2005-2006: Direct Research Grant, Faculty of Education, Chinese University of Hong Kong Project Title: A Study of Knowledge Transfer Through Mentoring in Schools Duration: 1 year Amount: HK$30,500 PI: TAM Wai Ming Co-I: YAP Foong Ha Postdoctoral Fellowship Supervision Grants (as PI) 2015-2017: PolyU Postdoctoral Fellowship Research Grant Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 1-YWOU) Project Title: The Emergence of Evidentiality in Deed Mongol in Its Areal Context Duration: 24 months Amount: HK$700,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha (transferred to Prof. Kathleen Ahrens in March 2017) Co-I: HUANG, Chu-ren Postdoctoral Fellow: BROSIG, Benjamin (PhD from the University of Stockholm) 2011-2015: Departmental Postdoctoral Fellowship Research Grant Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 4-ZZAG) Project Title: Nominalization in Old Chinese: Typological and Diachronic Implications of Its Referential and Non-referential Uses for Nominalization Phenomena in Indo-European Languages Duration: 6 months (extended to 3.5 years; postdoc resumed after 2 consecutive postdoc postings in Germany and Sweden respectively) Amount: HK$168,000 PI: YAP Foong Ha Postdoctoral Fellow: CABOARA Marco (PhD from the University of Washington)
RESEARCH GRANTS
External (Competitive) Research Grants (as PI)
2014-2017: RGC General Research Fund, Hong Kong
(Project No. PolyU 154055/14H; B-Q45F)
Project Title: Valence-reducing Phenomena and the Emergence of Markers of Speaker Affectedness
Duration: 2 years (extended to 2.5 years)
Amount: HK$502,600
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I’s: CHEN Weirong (University of International Business and Economics, Beijing)
KASHYAP Abhishek Kumar (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
MATTHEWS Stephen (University of Hong Kong)
XU Huiling (Macquarie University, Sydney)
2010-2014: RGC General Research Fund, Hong Kong
(Project No. PolyU 5513/10H; B-Q24N)
Project Title: Stance Marking in Asian Languages: Linguistic and Cultural Perspectives
Duration: 3 years (extended to 3.5 years)
Amount: HK$1,152,500
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I’s: IWASAKI Shoichi (UCLA)
KRATOCHVíL Franti?ek (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore)
LAPOLLA Randy (La Trobe University, Melbourne)
POST Mark (The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Queensland)
RHEE Seongha (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul)
2005-2008: RGC Competitive Earmarked Research Grant Hong Kong
(#CUHK 4711/05H)
Project Title: Aspectual Asymmetries in the Human Mind: Evidence from Reaction Time Studies
Duration: 2 years (extended to 3 years)
Amount: HK$676,272
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I’s: SHIRAI Yasuhiro (University of Pittsburgh)
MATTHEWS Stephen (University of Hong Kong)
TAN Li Hai (University of Hong Kong)
LI Ping (University of Richmond, Virginia)
Internal (University-based) Research Grants (as PI)
2015-2017: Internal Grant for Eligible PIs of GRF/ECS Proposals Rated 3.5 in the 2015/16
Exercise, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU G-YBGG)
Project Title: Addressee-oriented Agreement Marking and Politeness in East Indo-Aryan Languages
(original GRF submission entitled “The Expression of Epistemicity, Social Identity and
Politeness Marking in Indo-Aryan Languages”)
Duration: 2 years
Amount: HK$105,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I: KASHYAP, Abhishek Kumar (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
2012-2014: Internal Competitive Research Grant (ICRG)
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU G-YK85)
Project Title: Establishing Common Ground in Public Discourse: An Analysis of Electoral Speeches,
Press Conferences and Q&A Sessions in Hong Kong
Duration: 2 years
Amount: HK$320,000
Co-PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-PI’s: WU, Doreen (CBS, Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
TAO, Hongyin (UCLA)
Internal (Faculty-based) Research Grants (as PI)
2013-2015: Dean’s Reserve for Research, Scholarly and Other Endeavors, Faculty of
Humanities, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 1-ZVAY)
Project Title: Insubordination of ‘Say’ Constructions: Implications for the Relationship between
Evidentiality and Finiteness
Duration: 1 year (extended to 2 years)
Amount: HK$105,000
Co-PI: TAMAJI Mizuho (CBS, Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
Co-PI: YAP Foong Ha (ENGL, Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
Co-I: AHN Mikyung (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)
2011: Dean’s Reserve for Research, Scholarly and Other Endeavors, Faculty of
Humanities, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 1-ZV8P)
Project Title: Workshop on Stance Marking Across Languages: Typological, Diachronic and Discourse
Perspectives
Duration: 1 month
Amount: HK$74,660
PI: YAP Foong Ha
2010-2012: Dean’s Reserve for Research, Scholarly and Other Endeavors, Faculty of
Humanities, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 1-ZV8A)
Project Title: Clause-medial Particles in Cantonese
Duration: 1 year
Amount: HK$105,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I: CHOR, Oi-wan Winnie (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
2010-2013: Faculty of Humanities Start-Up Fund for New Staff Members,
Department of English, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 1-ZV6W)
Project Title: Non-referential Uses of Nominalization Constructions: Asian Perspectives
Duration: 2 years (extended to 3.5 years)
Amount: HK$150,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I: LIU Hongyong (South China Normal University)
LAM Man Kit Marvin (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
SZAKOS Jozsef (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
CABOARA, Marco (University of Washington, Seattle)
Internal (Department-based) Research Grants (as PI)
2016-2019: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of English
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU G-UAAF)
Project Title: Development of SAY constructions in Central Mongolic
Duration: 2 years (extended to 3 years)
Amount: HK$105,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha (transferred to Prof. Kathleen Ahrens in March 2017)
Co-I: BROSIG, Benjamin (Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2016-2017)
2015-2018: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of English
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 1-ZVER)
Project Title: Pragmatic Uses of Wh-type Placeholders: A Crosslinguistic Perspective
Duration: 2 years (extended to 3 years)
Amount: HK$100,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha (transferred to Marvin LAM in March 2017)
Co-I’s: CHOR, Oi-wan Winnie (Open University of Hong Kong)
LAM, Marvin (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
KASHYAP, Abhishek Kumar (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
TAO, Hongyin (UCLA)
XU, Huiling (Macquarie University, Sydney)
2014-2017: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of English
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU G-UA2N)
Project Title: Characterization Metaphors in Asian Electoral Speeches: Case Studies from South Asia
and the Asia-Pacific Region
Duration: 2 years (extended to 3 years)
Amount: HK$100,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I: KASHYAP, Abhishek Kumar (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
2013-2015: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of English
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU G-UB76)
Project Title: Evidentiality, Epistemicity and Politeness Marking: A Crosslinguistic Perspective
Duration: 2 years
Amount: HK$100,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I’s: KASHYAP, Abhishek Kumar (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
TAMAJI, Mizuho Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
AHN, Mikyung (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul)
KAWANISHI, Yumiko (UCLA)
WIJAYA, Juliana (UCLA)
2013-2015: Department General Research Fund (DGRF), Department of Chinese and
Bilingual Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 4-ZZBK)
Project Title: Diachronic Pragmatics of ‘Say’ in Japanese
Duration: 2 years
Amount: HK$56,000
PI 1: TAMAJI Mizuho (2013-2014 funded by CBS)
PI 2: YAP Foong Ha (2014-2015 transferred to ENGL)
2012-2014: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of English
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 4-ZZAP)
Project Title: Valence-changing Phenomena and Implications for Argument Focus in Discourse
Duration: 2 years
Amount: HK$80,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I: CHEN, Weirong (Sinotype Project, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur L’Asie
Orientale (CRLAO), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris)
2011-2012: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of English
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 4-ZZA1)
Project Title: A Diachronic Analysis of Temporal and Modal Constructions in Indo-European and
Asian Languages, with Implications for L2 Acquisition
Duration: 1 year
Amount: HK$80,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I’s: CHAN, Mable (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
CHOR, Oi-wan Winnie (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
LAM, Man-kit Marvin (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
2008-2009: Department Research Grant (DRG), Department of Linguistics and
Modern Languages, Chinese University of Hong Kong
Project Title: Nominalization Strategies in Chinese and Other Asian Languages
Duration: 1 year
Amount: HK$200,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
2007-2008: Direct Research Grant, Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Project Title: Diachronic Syntax in East Asian Languages
Duration: 1 year
Amount: HK$100,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I: GU Yang (Chinese University of Hong Kong)
2006-2007: Direct Research Grant, Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Project Title: Development of Stance Markers in East and Southeast Asian Languages
Duration: 1 year (extended to 1.5 years)
Amount: HK$100,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I: HORIE Kaoru (Tohoku University, Japan)
NOONAN Michael (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee)
RHEE Seongha (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)
WRONA Janick (Kyoto University)
2004-2006: Direct Research Grant, Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Project Title: Mapping the Perfective-Imperfective Distinction: Implications for the Representation of
Temporal Notions in the Human Mind
Duration: 1 year (extended to 1.5 years)
Amount: HK$100,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I’s: SHIRAI Yasuhiro (Chinese University of Hong Kong/Cornell)
MATTHEWS Stephen (University of Hong Kong)
TAN Li Hai (University of Hong Kong)
LI Ping (University of Richmond, Virginia)
2002-2003: Direct Research Grant, Department of Modern Languages and Cultural Studies
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Project Title: Neural Network Modeling of Language Change
Duration: 1 year
Amount: HK$100,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Co-I’s: MATTHEWS Stephen (University of Hong Kong)
LI Ping (University of Richmond, Virginia)
Internal Grants (as Co-I)
2015-2017: Department General Research Fund (DGRF), Department of Chinese and
Bilingual Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU G-UA6L)
Project Title: Bilingual Non-Cantonese-Speaking (NCS) Children in Hong Kong: Learner Language
Characteristics and Second Language Vulnerability
Duration: 21 months (2.3 years)
Amount: HK$98,360
PI: CHAN, Angel
Co-I’s: YAP Foong Ha (Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen)
KASHYAP, Abhishek Kumar (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
2005-2006: Direct Research Grant, Faculty of Education, Chinese University of Hong Kong
Project Title: A Study of Knowledge Transfer Through Mentoring in Schools
Duration: 1 year
Amount: HK$30,500
PI: TAM Wai Ming
Co-I: YAP Foong Ha
Postdoctoral Fellowship Supervision Grants (as PI)
2015-2017: PolyU Postdoctoral Fellowship Research Grant
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 1-YWOU)
Project Title: The Emergence of Evidentiality in Deed Mongol in Its Areal Context
Duration: 24 months
Amount: HK$700,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha (transferred to Prof. Kathleen Ahrens in March 2017)
Co-I: HUANG, Chu-ren
Postdoctoral
Fellow: BROSIG, Benjamin (PhD from the University of Stockholm)
2011-2015: Departmental Postdoctoral Fellowship Research Grant
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU 4-ZZAG)
Project Title: Nominalization in Old Chinese: Typological and Diachronic Implications of Its
Referential and Non-referential Uses for Nominalization Phenomena in Indo-European
Languages
Duration: 6 months (extended to 3.5 years; postdoc resumed after 2 consecutive postdoc postings in
Germany and Sweden respectively)
Amount: HK$168,000
PI: YAP Foong Ha
Postdoctoral
Fellow: CABOARA Marco (PhD from the University of Washington)